The longest anyone has gone with out sleep is about 11 days. After a few days your mind starts to deteriorate and you begin to go insane. Then you die.
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Actually, that is not true. 11 days is the record and once he went to sleep, he was fine. People will start to hallucinate with prolonged sleep deprivation (around 4-5 days), but they are not going insane (sleep reverses it). There is no record a person ever dying from sleep deprivation. Fatal familial insomnia is the one possible exception, but their brains are being eaten by prions, so the insomnia is not necessarily what kills the person. Rats are the only animal that has been shown to dye from sleep deprivation after about 4 weeks of not sleeping. Some birds and dolphins/killer whales have gone as long without any problems.